Recombinant DNA technology was initially applied in microbial hosts. The first commercial biopharmaceutical products, such as insulins, growth hormones, and interferons, were produced in bacteria or yeasts. Since then, the market demand has instigated the development of a number of different expression hosts including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, insect cells, mammalian cells and transgenic plants or animals.
Mainly driven by the commercial success of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), mammalian cells have become the dominant recombinant protein production system for biotherapeutics. However, biologics pipelines are moving from standard mAbs to novel…